New Trade Theory Paul Krugmans Contributions Essay Example

New Trade Theory: Paul Krugmans Contributions Paper Paul Robin Krugman,  born February 28, 1953 is an American  economist, Professor of Economics and International Affairs at the  Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs  at  Princeton University, Centenary Professor at the  London School of Economics, and an  op-ed  columnist  for  The New York Times. In 2008, Krugman won the  Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics  for his contributions to  New Trade Theory  and New Economic Geography. He was voted sixth in a 2005 global poll of the worlds top 100 intellectuals by  Prospect. According to the Nobel Prize Committee, the prize was given for Krugmans work explaining the patterns of  international trade  and the geographic concentration of wealth, by examining the impact of  economies of scale  and of consumer preferences for diverse goods and services. Krugman is known in academia for his work on  international economics  (including trade theory, economic geography, and international finance),  liquidity traps and currency crises. According to the  IDEAS/RePEc  rankings, he is among the thirteen most widely cited economists in the world today. As of 2008, Krugman has written 20 books and has published over 200 scholarly articles in professional journals and edited volumes. He has also written more than 750 columns dealing with current economic and political issues for  The New York Times. Krugmans  International Economics: Theory and Policy, co-authored with  Maurice Obstfeld, is a standard college  textbook  on international economics. He also writes on political and economic topics for the general public, as well as on topics ranging from  income distribution  to international economics. We will write a custom essay sample on New Trade Theory: Paul Krugmans Contributions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on New Trade Theory: Paul Krugmans Contributions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on New Trade Theory: Paul Krugmans Contributions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Krugman considers himself a  liberal, calling one of his books and his  New York Times  blog â€Å"The Conscience of a Liberal†. INTERNATIONAL TRADE International trade is exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders. International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. HISTORY OF TRADE THEORIES 1) BARTER: It was the earliest form of trade. When human beings started agriculture it was only to fulfil their needs. However they started creating a surplus of the farm product they were farming. They were faced with the question: â€Å"What to do with the excess products? † Then they soon realized that other farmers who produced other products were also producing it in excess. To have the best of both sides, the farmers exchanged their farm products and this gave rise to the system of barter. As time passed and with the discovery of money (gold coins) this system of exchange of goods became less prominent. As the imperial society became developed and Kings becoming ruler of the land, it led to another system of trade i. e. Mercantilism. 2) MERCANTILISM Mercantilism is like a communist type of economy. The King is responsible for deciding which goods are to be traded and where. The imperial ruler would conquer lands and establish their colony and trade over there. Example- England, France, Portugal, Spain etc. Mercantilism is an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is unchangeable. Economic assets (or capital) are represented by bullion (gold, silver, and trade value) held by the state, which is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations (exports minus imports). The theory assumes that wealth and monetary assets are identical. Mercantilism suggests that the ruling government should advance these goals by playing a protectionist role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, notably through the use of subsidies and tariffs respectively. Mercantilism, which reached its height in the Europe of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, was a system which employed economic fallacy to build up a structure of imperial state power, as well as special subsidy and monopolistic privilege to individuals or groups favoured by the state. Academic belief in mercantilism began to fade in the late 18th century, especially in England, in light of the arguments of Adam Smith and the classical economists which  brought  Ã‚   about  ideas  of  free trade as an alternative system. Mercantilism never returned to popularity among economists as the principle Comparative Advantage shows the gains from international trade. 3) ADAM SMITH Adam Smith is known world over as the world’s first free-market capitalist and the father of modern economics. He also popularized what is known today as ‘classical economics’. Laissez-faire and the idea that an ‘invisible hand’ guides ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ are the key ideas Smith’s writing is responsible for promoting. These ideas reflect the concept that each person, by looking out for him- or herself, inadvertently helps to create the best outcome for all. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we can expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest, Smith wrote. By selling products that people want to buy, the butcher, brewer and baker hope to make money. If they are effective in meeting the needs of their customers, they will enjoy the financial rewards. While they are engaging in their enterprises for the purpose of earning money, they are also providing products that people want. Such a system, Smith argued, creates wealth not just for the butcher, brewer and baker, but for the nation as whole when that nation is populated with citizens working productively to better themselves and address their financial needs. Adam Smith is also credited for writing the ‘An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations’, a massive work of 2 volumes divided into 5 books. The ideas it promoted generated international attention and helped to drive the move from land-based wealth to wealth created by assembly-line production methods driven by division of labour. The reason for the successful acceptance of Adam Smith’s Theory of free trade without government interference was that the traders were tired of working with the sovereign. They made a lot of losses and found it much better to trade without any interference. As a result they earned a lot of profits and this trade model became well established. Still till today Adam Smith’s trade theory is being used. It is the fundamental basis of many trade theories. Poverty which was not being removed by this theory was the main drawback of it. 4) DAVID RICARDO’S THEORY OF COMPARATIVE EDGE: David Ricardo’s theory was very simple. If there are two countries trading then the two of them will trade in such a way: If country A specializes in industrial sector and country B specializes in agricultural sector then country A will concentrate more on its industrial sector rather than its agricultural sector. Similarly country B will concentrate on its agricultural sector rather than its industrial sector. Thus country A will export its industrial products to country B and country B will export its agricultural products to country A. Example-Japan being a small island and having a good infrastructure concentrates on it automobile industry while it depends on neighbouring South East Asian countries for most of the agricultural goods. 5) HECKSHER-OHLIN MODEL The Heckscher–Ohlin model (H–O model) is a general equilibrium mathematical model of international trade, developed by Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. The theory expands David Ricardos theory of comparative advantage. The model essentially says that countries will export products that utilize their abundant and cheap factor(s) of production and import products that utilize the countries scarce factor(s). The model instead of using the words of â€Å"specialization of country† uses the â€Å"concept of labour and capital of a country† to expand the simple model of David Ricardo. Assumptions of Heckscher-Ohlin Model The Heckscher-Ohlin model is based on the following assumptions: †¢ Countries involved in international trade differ in terms of factor abundance. One country needs to be labor-abundant and the other country being capital-abundant. †¢ Commodities can be categorized in terms of factor intensity. One commodity is labor-intensive and the other commodity is capital-intensive. This in turn implies that there is no possibility of factor intensity reversal. †¢ Both the countries involved in trade use same production technology and identical ranking of factor intensity of commodities. †¢ Both countries are assumed to have identical demand conditions. †¢ Production is carried out as per the CRS production function. †¢ Perfect competition persists in both countries. Open trade or free trade policy is followed in both the countries. In simple words Hecksher-Ohlin say that the capital-abundant country will export capital-intensive commodity and import labour-intensive commodity and the labour-abundant country will export labour-intensive commodity and import capital-intensive commodity. Hecksher-Ohlin till Paul Kru gman’s NTT was the most accepted trade theory. But it had taken many assumptions and hence was also criticized. The Hecksher-Ohlin model also won a Nobel Prize. Example- Bangladesh has a lot of labour and hence produces garments which require more labour. India with respect to Bangladesh has more capital in the ‘small car’ industry and hence exports cars to Bangladesh which in turn exports garments to India. SHORT COMINGS OF HECKSHER-OHLIN MODEL Even though the model was one of the widely accepted trade model, it still failed to explain many phenomena: 1. China did not follow a free trade policy, yet it was developing and growing very fast. 2. Even though Bangladesh exported garments to India, India itself was able to export its garments made to other countries. 3. Germany although had BMW, Volkswagen, Mercedes Benz to make cars, yet it imported cars from Renault in France. 4. America even though it had Ford still imported cars of Toyota and Honda from Japan. 5. England even though it did not grow cotton was one of the biggest producers of cloth. These were some of the questions that Hecksher-Ohlin and any other trade models could not answer. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT NEW TRADE THEORY To explain these phenomena and to remove the assumptions, the economists of the world tried to make a new theory. This theory was called New Trade Theory. All Paul Krugman did not play a part in the initial forming of the theory, but in 1979 his paper made the most significant and valuable contribution with respect to the NTT. Hence it is now a days called Paul Krugman’s New Trade Theory. Concept: New Trade Theory (NTT) is a collection of economic models in international trade which focuses on the role of increasing returns to scale and network effects, which were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New Trade Theory is the economic critique of international free trade from the perspective of increasing returns to scale and the network effect. Some economists have asked whether it might be effective for a nation to shelter infant industries until they had grown to sufficient size to compete internationally. New Trade theorists challenge the assumption of diminishing returns to scale, and some argue that using protectionist measures to build up a huge industrial base in certain industries will then allow those sectors to dominate the world market (via a Network effect). They wondered whether free trade would have prevented the development of the Japanese auto industries in the 1950s, when quotas and regulations prevented import competition. Japanese companies were encouraged to import foreign production technology but were required to produce 90 percent of parts domestically within five years. It is said that the short-term hardship of Japanese consumers (who were unable to buy the superior vehicles produced by the world market) was more than compensated for by the long-term benefits to producers, who gained time to out-compete their international rivals. New Trade theorists relaxed the assumption of constant returns to scale. It used protectionist measures to build up a huge industrial base in certain industries and then allowed those sectors to dominate the world market. CONTRIBUTION OF PAUL KRUGMAN IN NTT(BRIEF) In brief : In the Krugman model, every firm is the same, though they each produce different products. Models with heterogeneous firms really didnt take off in the field until recently. Essentially the theory contends that there are increasing, rather than decreasing returns to scale. We observe this all the time with technology products where the so-called network effect creates larger returns as the network gets larger. It is sometimes used as a justification for protecting developing industries from competition on grounds that once those industries have reached a takeover mass, the returns will be larger than if they had to develop in a competitive environment. Now, moving on to explain the Old trade theory, we can say that it is what we probably learned when we took to introduce economics. Countries are different – they have different levels of productivity in particular industries, they have different resources, and those differences drive trade. Tropical countries grow and export bananas, temperate countries grow and export wheat. Countries with highly educated workers export high-tech goods, countries with less educated workers export shirts and pyjamas. The new trade theory starts with the observation that while this explains a lot of world trade, it also misses a lot. France and Germany sell lots of stuff to each other, even though they have similar climates and resources; so do the United States and Canada. The answer is that there are many goods that aren’t like wheat or bananas, but are instead likewide-bodied jet aircraft. There are, enormous economies of scale – you only want a couple of factories worldwide. Those factories have to be somewhere,and those countries that get the factories export jets, while everyone else imports them. But who gets the aircraft factories, or the factory producing a specialized kind of machine tool? This is explained by new trade theory –There are many economies-of-scale goods; everyone gets some of them; and the details, which may be largely a story of historical accident, aren’t important. What matters, instead, is the overall pattern of trade: the broad pattern of what countries produce is determined by things like resources and climate, but there’s a lot of additional specialization due to economies of scale, and there’s much more trade, especially between similar countries, than from a purely resource-based theory. All this seems obvious, and it is still obvious, but it was totally not obvious before 1980 or so, except for some prescient quotes from Paul Samuelson. The two main things that Paul Krugman pointed out in his paper were: a. Consumers want diverse choice of products. b. Production favours economies of scale. These two were the main basis on which the problems of the Hecksher-Ohlin model were explained. In the next two chapters we will see the role of these two points in detail. CONSUMERS WANT DIVERSE CHOICE The first question that the old theories failed to answer was that why countries who specialize in one product export it as well as import it. To explain this Paul Krugman gave the reason of consumer choice. He tells us that the consumer wants choice. the taste and preference of different consumers is different. To fulfil this choice the countries had to import certain goods even though it was well efficient in producing the same product. Let us understand this theory of Paul Krugman using examples: 1. America has Ford which is well efficient in making good cars. However Japan also exports cars to the US. The reason is that not all people of the US want the cars made by Ford. Even though the pricing and technology of both cars of Ford and that of Japan are same, people still buy both cars of Japan as well as US, 2. The same is the case in Japan and Germany. Inspite of having the best automobile industry both Japan and Germany also import cars. 3. France is a wine loving nation and hence it produces wine only. However some people also like beer, so to cater to them, France has to import Beer from Germany. However France also imports Beer from England. This is done because people want choice. 4. In, India we have Colgate which is one of the world’s biggest brands, yet there is scope for small companies like Amar and Babool. This is because people have different tastes and they want choices to choose from. 5. India is self sufficient in clothes making, yet we still import clothes. A person wearing an expensive Nike shoe also wears a cheap Bata shoe because of his liking. 6. India imports apples from New Zealand inspite us having the apples of Kashmir an Himachal. These Indian apples are themselves exported to other country which proves that consumer’s choice is an important factor in trade. 7. Hitachi and Onida air-conditioners use a same compressor built by Hitachi but the consumers of Hitachi and Onida are very different. Thus looking at these examples we can say that Germany imports cars from France only because the people of Germany want a diverse choice. This looks simple but it took a lot of time for Paul Krugman to develop. Thus the question why do countries who export one product also import the same is answered. The diverse choice of consumers is very helpful for everyone. Due to this choice the domestic consumer always has competition not only of other domestic companies but also of international companies. As a result the consumers as benefited greatly. The resources are used efficiently and new technology helps in making better products. PRODUCTION FAVOURS ECONOMIES OF SCALE Before we go further and explain this, we must 1st understand the concept of economies of scale. Economies of scale: The ‘economies of scale’ investing high capital to make a big production factory. The main objective is to make such a production centre that it behaves like a monopoly. The production capacity of such a place is very high. Production favours economies of scale: Paul Krugman says that production will be highest where input i. e. capital, technology and labour is high. To understand what he says we must 1st look at some examples: The question what he answered was that why when England had no cotton, it still was the capital for cloth. It also answers the question that why China and Japan grow so fast. Paul Krugman tells us that building an economies of scale is the reason why Japan and China grew so fast. He explains that when a place is made as a centre of production, the company benefits a lot. This is because the capital invested for higher production is much less that the total capital that would have been used to invest in factories at different locations for producing the same amount of product. This means that instead of having many factories one should just invest in one factory and thus save a lot on capital. The cost of freight is less than cost of land. Also making multiple factories of small scale would take a lot of time. Governments take initiative in some major industries and set up resources to build an economy of scale. Boeing and Airbus were created as a result of this. The English invested a lot of capital at Manchester in the textile industry. Thus even thought they did not grow any cotton, they still using their machines and technology make more cloth than any other country. Embraer the small jet company of Brazil whose jets are in so much demand was as a result of the support of the Brazilian government who set up an economy of scale for them. Jamnagar is still today the World’s Largest Refinery because Dhirubhai Ambani created a monopoly by investing huge capitals at one place and thus it was one of India’s 1st economy of scale. Maruti the Indian Car company was set up to cater the needs of Indians. A lot of investment was made for this. Today this small car manufacturer not only caters the Indian consumers but also exports to other countries. Coimbatore and Ludhiana are today the garment manufacturers of India because an economy of scale has been created at these two centers. Bangalore is the IT capital because an economy of scale (labour i. e. IT engineers) is available there. Anand is the milk capital of India because it is another form of economy of scale. Thus Paul Krugman said that production favours economies of scale. He further adds that government should take measure to reduce freight costs by building roads. He also tells that government should subsidize exports which will in turn increase production exports and there after growth. This theorem was the basis for growth in China and Japan. Japan: Japan from 1950s started investing high capitals in infrastructure and establishment of industries. Being a small group of islands, they were forced to make small centres of production with high capabilities. Thus this resulted in tremendous production and thus they exported goods to register high growth and become an economic super power. The freight rate was reduced as the government had built millions of kilometres of roads and tracks. The ports of Japan are also well developed. Thus by making economies of scale Japan became a super power. China: To become a super power economically, China started to open it s markets for trade. They invested a lot along the costal line and at Shanghai and Beijing. Thus centres of productions were created at scattered places. Thus even though development was not uniform economies of scale of different industries were created. Each village creates different products in China. The speciality of this is that each village produces only one unique product. One village produces socks only while another produces pants only. Haer which is the world leader in switch boards was 1st established to cater the Chinese domestic market. However the capacity of production at that one factory was so high that today Haer does not only cater the domestic market but also exports world over. This is the reason why China grew so much. This is also the reason why China is the world’s biggest exporter. They invested a lot of money at one single place which could produce a lot and thus they became a superpower. Thus Paul Krugman has rightly explained by giving the theorem â€Å"Production favours economies of scales† the reason why China and Japan are today economic super powers and why England is the largest producer of cloth. APPLICABILITY IN INDIA The framers of the economic and industrial policies of China and Japan have used NTT trade model to establish economies of scale to become the world’s biggest exporters and become economical super powers. Automobile companies of Japan, US, Germany are constantly researching and trying to bring innovative features to their cars. Right now these companies are in competition to make more fuel efficient and eco friendly occurs. Thus importing even when you are a major exporter of that product is now a good thing which is helping the environment. Toyota Prius will be soon imported in India. This will make companies like Honda to bring their own versions of hybrid cars. The competition will result in drop in price of Prius from an expensive 27 lakhs. NTT has also affected policies of other countries. Just as Japan and China have become economic super powers, similarly India can become superpower using policies that are derived from NTT. In the textile industry we have already established two economies of scale. However we need to create more economies of scale. TATA motors today has more than3 factories India, but its production capacity is much less than that of any of Maruti’s factory. More incentive and subsidies need to be given in India to establish more economies of scale. These economies of scale will in turn reduce capital wastage and increase production to increase economic growth. Our export capacity will also increase. To facilitate this growth the Indian Government will have to reduce freight cost by investing in transportation(roads, ports, railways). Also to increase exports the government will have to subsidise exports. The Chinese government have subsidised exports by 30%. The same products available in China are more expensive than that abroad. This was the sacrifice the Chinese people had to make for economic growth. Also imports on certain goods should be subsidised. Example- Hybrid cars This will in turn result in healthy competition and as the above example shows will result in benefit not only for country but also the worlds. There are only two drawbacks of having a NTT centred policy: 1) Growth and development will be scattered. Thus the benefits of this will not be got by all. In a country with India where the gap between village and city is already large such a policy will have to be implemented very carefully. Also investment of high capitals can get wasted in a corrupt country like ours. 2) Many companies will not be able to compete with the imported goods. This will result in loss and unemployment. Thus the government has to be careful and should also import technology when importing goods. The India government should use a NTT based policy to fulfil the goal of becoming a superpower in 2020 but will have to also make new schemes to achieve the goal of eradicating poverty by 2014. CONCLUSION The contributions of Paul Krugman are immense to developing this new trade theory. It can be said that Paul Krugman gave the heart and soul to the New Trade Theory. The New Trade Theory of Paul Krugman explains most of the problems of old theories and using it would amount to tremendous economic growth as observed in Japan and China. Paul Krugman’s theory is very good and its criticism is very less because it has very less drawbacks. The NTT is like Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations and it has already brought a revolution. However one must remember the two drawbacks of having such a policy and proceed with caution. The positives of NTT are great but it has two big negatives which become even bigger in our country and so we must proceed with caution. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Referred: †¢ Samuelson Paul Nordhaus William, Economics, 19th Edition, McGraw-Hill/Irwin †¢ Krugman Paul, Strategic Trade Policy and The New International Economics, MIT Press †¢ Mankiw N. Gregory, Principles of Economics, South Western College †¢ Krugman Paul Obstfeld Maurice, International Economics: Theory Policy, 6th Edition, Addison Wesley †¢ Krugman Paul, Rethinking International Trade, 6th Edition, The MIT Press

The Coral Reef

The Coral Reef Free Online Research Papers The marine organisms which took most interest to me were coral reefs, due to the fact I’m from the east coast and more so island oriented also that I am Haitian/Jamaican. The climate is tropical and the waters are full of coral reefs and vibrant organisms within the water. The perception is that coral reefs are not living organisms and do not really have life. According to Rob Nelson from thewildclassroom.com/biomes/coralreef.html Many biologists consider coral reefs to be more diverse and productive than their land equivalents. Corals are the only animals other than humans that are capable of building structures that can be seen by space. Mostly found in warm waters, they cannot survive in temperatures lower than 18 °C Coral reefs are the most diverse and beautiful of all marine habitats statedhttp://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/coralreef.html Coral reefs also are home to various breeds of marine life ranging from moray eels, to a hammerhead shark. They are a means of food for many of the larger prey that feed off bait fish like plankton or herring. Corals are members of the phylum Cnidaria also including jellyfish, comb jellies and sea anemones. Coral reef is not only a house center for other animals in the ocean but it is actually made from dead animals, broken rock that over time has fused together. So coral reef is actually a living recycling system The construction or birth of corals is through the process of Bio-Erosion The structure and the architecture of the reefs result from interactions between the processes of growth and erosion. Have been found to Growth and erosion of the coral reef ensue the structure of the reefs. As the coral reef is created there is also a coexisting process of destruction by physical, chemical and biological agents that are constantly at work. Because they are constantly at work the agents prevent the development of further coral reefs. The agents responsible for the erosion of the reef often are stronger together then they would be alone. Two processes involved in bioerosion are the chemical dissolution of the substrate resulting from the action of the acid substances and the mechanical abrasion of the substrate. Cyclones are destructive of the coral reef especially when the substrate is weakened by the activities of erosive organisms. During the erosion it releases dissolved CaCO3 into the envi ronment that is re-used by the productive organisms both in this form and in the particulate form which results in the production of the bioclasts which are part of the reef sedimentation resembling a recycling process There was a period in time where there likely hood of coral reef hung in the balance. El Nino, the shift in ocean currents also had an effect on global warming, which could cause major drought and floods. Mass Bleaching has also had a major impact on the lives of coral reef. Because of the rise in ocean temperatures large amounts of coral reef have been severely bleached which cause more damage while still in the healing process. Coral reefs are useful to the environment and people in numerous ways. For example, they Protect shores from the impact of waves and from storms; Provide benefits to humans in the form of food and medicine; Provide economic benefits to local communities from tourism. Also an estimate valued the world’s coral reefs at $30 billion. However human activities such as overfishing, water pollution has been the deterring factor of the 10 percent loss of coral reefs globally. Including these tragic events an additional 15 percent has been lost because of warming of the surface ocean, and the climate change which will be the catalyst factor to further destroying the reefs in times to come. These environmental features also lead to more â€Å"bleaching† of the reefs. Limestone an element produced also by coral reefs will be preserved well in geologic records. Modern coral reef organisms and communities have evolved over the past 40-55 million years.A significant coral found mostly in tropical waters is the jewel stone/jewel toe / Honeycomb Coral better known thru its scientific name Porites. The porites species is within the kingdom Animalia, phylum Cnidaria, class Anthoza, family Porittidae and genus Porites. Found mostly in the Pacific region including Fiji, Tonga and Hawaii Islands, Porites coral grows within water Seventy-two to seventy-eight degrees Fahrenheit. Porites feeding mechanism is just as other stationery plants which use the sun, through the process of photosynthesis. The Porites species also filter feeds on plankton a few times a week in the evening They can grow up to six meters then spreads. Being that it’s a nocturnal organism it doesn’t fully spread itself till night. The Porites usually come in color shades of b rown, yellow, and green. However with the exposure to UV the coral sometimes shows colors of blue, pink, and purple. When taken into human captivity the coral demands special care. Today’s reef community is living veneer over these limestone accumulations that may be tens of meters thick, According to â€Å"Pew Center on Global Climate Changes†. We as humans should appreciate the beauty of these magnificent organisms not only by viewing them, but also educating ourselves on deterring preventions. Research Papers on The Coral ReefGenetic EngineeringBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andOpen Architechture a white paperPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Project Managment Office System19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Total Economic Value of a Public Park Case Study

Total Economic Value of a Public Park - Case Study Example Though it is a short project, but I had to be careful in case of collecting information and applying them properly. My lack of knowledge and shortage of information were great limitations for this work, but the Park authority helped me very much by providing disc losable information. But they didn't disclose some confidential information, which is part of their business policy. I am very grateful to our instructor who has given me the opportunity to do the project that has enriched my knowledge, skills, and practical experiences on a mentionable place of a distinctive country. OVERVIEW OF KINGS PARK: Perth City is Western Australia's central business district. Kings Park is located on the western edge of Perth. It is a 4.06 square kilometers (1003 acre) park having mixture of: Grassed parkland; Botanical gardens and Natural bush land on Mount Eliza. The streets of Kings Park are another symbol of peace. They are lined with individual plaques. The plaques are dedicated by Western Australian Service men and women's family members, who died in World War I and World War II. Other than the tourist facilities and attractive sites, Kings Park also has: The State War Memorial; The Royal Kings Park Tennis club and A reservoir. Basically, it is assumed that the Kings Park is one of the profitable Parks in Western Australia. Because according to specialists, the places, which are situated in the centre of countries or districts, are more or less seem to be profitable. Kings Park is sort of that, but in some cases it could be better. HISTORY OF KINGS PARK: Officially the Kings Park was opened on 10 August of 1895. At the beginning, it was named Perth Park. People believe that the name was like... Officially the Kings Park was opened on 10 August of 1895. At the beginning, it was named Perth Park. People believe that the name was like that by its district where it is situated. In 1901, it was renamed as Kings Park to mark the concurrence of King Edward VII and the visit to Perth of George to the British throne. May Drive, one of the major roads, was named in the Princess's honor. Kings Park’s this kind of honor is rare in Park’s history. For this reason it gained and still now gaining fame and likings of people.New York's Central Park is smaller than Kings Park in size. Though New York’s Central Park seems to be bigger than Kings Park, but actually it doesn’t. No park was designated for public use in Australia before this one (in 1872). Australia's largest wildflower show and exhibition take place in Kings Park during September to October of each year. In Australia, rarely any park has this kind of arrangements for public entertainment. By identifyi ng the land to set aside for public, General John Septimus Roe (colony's first surveyor) recognized the qualities of the area and tried to protect it from any kind of disasters. Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority does not work under any Local Government sector. Since 1999, Kings Park has been administered by that authority. They also administer Bold Park. The administration building of Kings Park provides the options where the visitors can book guided walking tours, gather information, or reserve one of the facilities.

Learning and Development of New Employees Assignment

Learning and Development of New Employees - Assignment Example An effective indicator of how much training has helped the learning process is to analyze the performance of each group within the company before and after the training period. The assessment of learning need refers to two related and sequential activities. The first need is the identification of the learning need, and secondly, it is the analysis of the learning need. The identification and analysis of the learning need to enhance the ability and performance of an individual in the team. The crux of the matter is the correct identification and analysis. In the absence of these, it is not possible to see the desired results in the employees. The needs assessment phase of a learning and development project serves a diagnostic purpose and the needs assessment phase must be done properly as it is the basis for much subsequent learning and development. If this is not done, the training cannot be properly directed and inadequately focused and the consequences may be that learners may not acquire appropriate knowledge or skill, scarce and valuable resources may be wasted, the credibility of the learning and development function may suffer, and the learning and development program will not contribute to meeting the organization's strategic objectives. Although concerned with conceptual issues, there are practical issues also since it is the assessment of needs using valid and reliable tools which is of direct concern to the learning and development practitioner on a day-to-day basis. This model must pursue a clear, balanced approach to concepts and practice. One without the other will only render the model ineffective and hypocritical. The overarching purposes of needs assessment and learning and development planning are to ensure that learning and development interventions address priority learning needs that can enable individuals, departments or organizations to meet their goals and commitments, and are aligned between the individual's goals and commitments (Training 4 Business). On the Job Needs Assessment On the job needs assessment is to identify the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are likely to be required by a job holder. These are hierarchical task analysis, cognitive task analysis, and critical incident technique. These analysis and technique provide the trainee with a better understanding of the organization, better knowledge of the product, and ensures that the trainee is imparted necessary skills to raise performance levels.

Self-reflective report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self-reflective report - Assignment Example The abundance of advice on management techniques, approaches to business and organizational leadership, and even instruction manuals for achieving personal and business success implies that there are no immediate, quick-fix solutions to ensure that the individual becomes a successful, effective manager. New, radical, exciting approaches are published on a regular basis, and it is difficult for the individual not to accept the latest theory as the ultimate answer. Some of these approaches are more appealing – the Japanese Management Philosophy is a personal favorite. The appeal of taking on a tried and tested approach, and subjecting oneself and an organization to the parameters of that theory is clear. There are, however, limitations to an approach which relies heavily on the suggestions of others in the field. The danger is that while the theory may seem appealing, the practical impossibility of transferring all the conditions under which the theory was developed to an organi zation remains. Each business will have its own unique set of challenges, its individual requirements for change, and its own human component. A personal management philosophy should be developed by each manager, dependent on the contexts he/she is in and the experience and knowledge he/she has built up. This approach will prevent the uncritical adoption of a particular philosophy as the basis from which to work within an organization. This essay will propose that the three most important aspects of effective management, and by implication, the three most important characteristics of a good manager are, firstly, high emotional intelligence – an awareness of the importance of people in organizations, a perceptive recognition of people’s strengths and weaknesses, and an ability to motivate and communicate effectively with people, as well as an honest and realistic level of self-knowledge; secondly, an openness to change, and a flexible, adaptable approach to business, an d the organization, so as to meet the challenges of an ever-changing global business and economic environment; and thirdly an ability to think and act rationally, based not only on emotional responses, but on the needs of people in an organization, and the organization itself. The additional characteristics of a good manager mentioned in this essay are all related to these three essential facets, and serve further to explore the proposal that a personal management style, evolving from a joining of management theory and philosophy, personal experience and capabilities, and the immediate context of the manager’s environment is essential for good management. In all organizations, the influence of humans is paramount. It is people who are able to drive any organization toward becoming effective, profitable or successful, and adaptable. It is thus essential that knowledge regarding the human interaction within an organization be part of the manager’s approach. The more trad itional aspects of the business – productivity, efficiency, marketability, and so on – are not to be neglected, but the structuring and management of interpersonal relationships, teamwork management, and personal management must be considered. A manager can only provide leadership when his/her own self-awareness is ongoing and

Past Madrassah Reform: a History

Past Madrassah Reform: a History The 1962 Reforms Since its inception, Pakistan has tried three times to undertake major renovations in the madrassah school system. The first reforms occurred in 1962 under General Ayub Khan. In 1961, a committee was formed to analyze the current curriculum and make recommendations concerning how best to reform the system so that graduates would be more employable. The resulting report was released in 1962. Notable alterations included: introducing courses like mathematics into the curriculum, instructing in Urdu at the primary levels and Arabic and/or English at the higher levels of study, and testing graduates in five exams including Euclidean mathematics.27 The second part of the reform strategy was to control the level of funding madrassahs received. Khan sought to strengthen the role of state institutions at the expense of traditional community leaders like the ulama, who he thought opposed his regime and thus limited his power. One way he limited religious scholars influence was to restrict who could fund madrassahs.28 The funding portion of reform was moderately successful, but the recommended changes to the curriculum exposed a core conflict that would derail the 1962 reforms and all the reforms that followed. To alter the madrassah curriculum meant, in a way, reforming the nations practice of Islam, which is sacred to the vast majority of Pakistanis. Since madrassahs produce the next generation of religious scholars, government changes to the schools that contradicted what the ulamas viewed as instrumental in training their successors had social implications far beyond making  modifications to a curriculum. Many disagreed with the governments interpretation of  Islam, and, as a result, rejected the proposals of the 1962 report.29 The 1979 Reforms The second round of attempted reforms occurred in 1979 under the regime of General Zia-ul Huq, and were far more extensive than the 1962 reforms. As previously noted, Zia was responsible for the Islamization of Pakistan. Under his regime, the nation became far more sectarian and Islam infiltrated more aspects of life than it had under past rulers. Unsurprisingly, Zia was very interested in the countrys madrassahs. The reason for the 1979 reform was almost identical to the one in 1962: the madrassahs were failing to provide adequately employment opportunities outside of the  religious sect, and thus it was decided the system should undergo modernization. The recommendations were very similar, as well-again reinforcing the necessity of introducing more modern subjects into the curriculum, including: . . . Urdu, arithmetic, and general science at the primary level; English, general mathematics, and Pakistan studies at the secondary levels; political science, political economy, and English as optional subjects at the baccalaureate and masters level; and comparative religious sciences as a mandatory subject at the masters level. The committee proposed an autonomous National Institute of Madrassahs to compile and revise madrassah curricula, supervise these institutions, administer standardized tests, and award diplomas to the students. The proposed national institute, the committee recommended, was to have an equal number of members from all four subsects within the madrasah education system, and representatives from the government.30 The Report of 1979 sought to create a curriculum that all the different sects of Islam would accept. That being said, the boards ultimately saw the compromise of their beliefs as a loss, because their students would no longer be ideal representatives of their branch after being taught a hybrid faith. 31 Though the results of the 1962 and 1979 reports were similar, there was a significant difference in the composition of the 1979 committee that authored the later report. This committee included numerous ulamas, who worked alongside government officials in constructing the proposed reform. The 1962 committee, however, did not include ulamas nor did it consult with them about which reforms they would support. As a result, the ulamas were originally more open to the 1979 report, as they felt they had significant input in the process. However, while they were invited to participate in the committee, they were not a majority voice on the committee and the committee was led by a government official, so some ulamas still resented the governments authority in dictating the final report.32 It didnt take long after the release of the report for many ulamas to issue reservations about the proposed reforms; others boycotted it completely. The 1979 reforms occurred at the same time as the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The fact that Irans mullahs were successful in overthrowing the Iranian shah, and thus inserting religious figures in powerful political roles in a nearby country, convinced many Pakistani madrassahs that their schools did not need to modernize to be influential in the region.33 Many completely disregarded implementing the reforms, convinced, more than ever, that religious education was more important to Pakistan than the curriculum endorsed in the 1979 reforms. Such  tumultuous regional events had a profound impact on Pakistan, and complicated the madrassah reform process greatly. In fact, these events led to the expansion of a more extreme curriculum in madrassah, making the schools more threatening to development just as the state sought to reform them. During this time Pakistan became the battleground for an international Sunni versus Shia war. Iran was helping the countrys Shias generate support, while countries like Saudi A rabia were funding Sunni militant groups, often through madrassahs. In competition for the funding being offered by Saudi Arabia, some schools attempted to increase their focus on Wahhabism to ensure they would receive more funding than other madrassahs.34 Slowly, schools evolved from being primarily intellectual and religious institutions to political ones, as more students became involved in the religious revolutions occurring outside their borders. The Iranian Revolution served as a huge inspiration to Pakistans minority Shia population, who, seeing the successful Shia revolution in Iran, grew emboldened in their aspiration for political power. The number of Shias in the country began to increase, as many moderates in the country shifted their allegiance to Shia due to its opposition to Zias aggressive Islamization campaign.35 Zia, a Sunni, saw the rise in Shia activism as a threat to his regime, especially following the 5 July 1980 demonstration in Islamabad where 25,000 Shias v iolently protested the zakat36 law put in place as part of Zias lamization campaign.37 The zakat funds allowed the government to increase funding to schools like madrassahs since they often cater to the underprivileged. In 1984 alone over nine percent of the zakat fund was distributed to 2,273 madrassahs.38 Zias hope was that through these donations the madrassahs would become dependent on the state for their finances and, upon graduation, employment. While some madrassahs eagerly accepted the contributions to their struggling schools, other resented the government oversight and the obligations to the Zia regime that accompanied the zakat funds. They no longer wanted to be dependent on the government for what they viewed as bribes to expand government oversight of religious schools. The reliance on zakat funds, others believed,  had caused voluntary contributions to madrassahs to sharply decline, resulting in an overall loss of income for schools.39 The Shias decided to actively reject the zakat funds, which they believed were contradictory to their faith. Despite wa nting to limit the Shias influence, Zia had to relent to the 1980 protests of the Shia, as they effectively shut down Pakistans capital city. The victory of being exempt from paying zakat to the government inspired many independents in the country to declare themselves Shias. In retribution, Zia funneled more zakat funds into the nations Sunni-controlled madrassahs. The madrassahs became a venue in which Zia could resist the Shia influence, and thus these madrassahs became increasingly anti-Shia. Since Zia actively encouraged this behavior in order to resist the rise in Shias, it is no wonder that the school system became a place in which students grew intolerant of Shias, which led to a more sectarian and aggressive society. For the short-term goal of limiting Shia influence, Zia created a school system that, even   today, remains entrenched in perpetuating an exclusionary worldview, rather than an  accepting and tolerant environment for students. As previously reported, Z ia, in an attempt to recruit the support of the nations ulamas, decided some madrassah degrees would be considered equal to degrees from government schools. This movement correlated to the 1979 reforms, for though Zia wanted to increase employability for madrassah graduates, he wanted to make sure that as professionals the graduates had skills useful in the workplace. Under the assumption they could study Islam and still graduate qualified to work in the government, the number of madrassah graduates skyrocketed. Between 1960 and 1980, over 5,000 ulamas had been trained; following the equivalency certificates in 1981-1985, over 6,000 ulamas graduated-thats 1,000 more graduates in a quarter of the time.40 Though this initiative was intended to provide madrassah graduates with more authority, many new ulama graduates became less interested in the traditional study of Islam, and more concentrated on religious ideology as a means to influence the government. As such, some opened their own madrassahs so that they could funnel more graduates into the government or increasingly powerful political parties.41 In the late 1980s, the country began its decade of democracy. However, rather than economic prosperity and social equality, the decade produced poorer economic conditions and economic stagnation. The recession reduced employment opportunities, and many madrassah graduates who assumed they would secure a job within the government went unemployed. The curriculum many of the new madrassahs implemented left their students unqualified to beat out top students from government or private schools for the few positions available in the government, and it also left them unqualified for traditional ulama positions, which they theoretically could have secured if  they had followed traditional madrassah curricula. Rather than making students qualified for both religious and government work, the 1979 reforms had made students unqualified for either. With no opportunities in government or in religious posts, many new madrassah graduates focused their efforts on pursing their political agendas.42 They abandoned established political parties to form more extreme, militant ones. They also opened their own, more ideologically-minded madrassahs at an accelerated rate, thanks in part to the ncrease in zakat funds given to some madrassahs. While the more established madrassahs largely maintained their traditional curriculums, the madrassahs that were built during this time-especially those close to Afghanistan-were overseen by low ranking ulama who replaced traditional curricula with those that endorsed militarization. The goal of these madrassahs was to train students to become political activists, which they saw as more influential than a traditional ulama Post September 11th, it is clear how this radical momentum leading into the 1990s produced in Pakistan an environment similar to that in Afghanistan which provided Osama bin Laden p rotection and opportunity in planning the September 11th attacks. Why I Chose to Be an Accountant: A Reflection Why I Chose to Be an Accountant: A Reflection Accounting is an information and measurement system that we use for the purpose of identifying, recording, measuring, and communicating relevant and reliable information about an entity to those with an interest in the entity. Accounting is a very challenging and rewarding career with a wide variety of career paths that one can venture in. Accounting is more of a communicating language in the world of business and as a result, the demand for accountants are constantly increasing, making accounting an extremely marketable career path. An accountant, like a majority of other jobs, has the ability to work as an independent accountant or work in a corporate atmosphere. I decided to make a career into the field of accounting in the corporate market, working for a firm and then a private company. My goal is to achieve a position of a CFO or venturing into my own business. When I first heard about accounting I thought it was a generic degree that had only one specific work area inside of a business. However, after speaking to accountants and learning more about the career I learned of several opportunities that are available to an accountant with a Bachelors degree. This can include auditing, bookkeeping, budget analyst, financial accounting, management accounting, tax, and much more. Inside each of these careers, accountants could also find a specific niche that they particularly like. For example, I spoke with a lady who works as a tax consultant but has never done a tax statement in her life because all she does is work with international markets for her company as it pertains to the budgeting for the tax aspect. Auditing is one of the most common areas that accountants have chosen to build their careers in. I believe in this era that we are in today, the work of an auditor is extremely important to ensure that the numbers reported by an entity are accurate and as a result, we, as citizens, are able to invest in companies accordingly. Also, having the ability to audit a company requires in-depth knowledge into the market, legal environment, and the entity. Although I am interested in audit, I would like to start my career in tax. This is because taxation is an extremely important to a company and is extremely limited in regards to acceptance and turnover of employees. I believe to be a qualified tax accountant, an individual must have good knowledge of the necessary kind of government regulations and generally accepted accounting principles. As a tax accountant, I will be first be placed on a team in a tax department, where my duties can include reviewing files and company financial records, preparing ledgers, filling out tax forms, maintaining contact with tax agencies and holding meetings that are related to taxation and strategy (Admin, n.d.). My backup plan is to venture in becoming a forensic accountant with the FBI. I believe with my degree, as well as my military background in the U.S. Marines, I will be a qualified candidate. However, I dont believe in pursuing that as my primary career goal because the government funding is fi ckle as well as the pay, compared to the corporate market. Although tax in many firms, have a low acceptance rate and many companies require you to have at least 2-3 years work experience in the field as well as at least a bachelors degree, I believe I will excel when given the opportunity. This is because not only do I have a passion for it but I also excel in the quantitative areas. As far as the work experience that is required, I will be trying to go through an internship to full-time offer with one of the local firms in Miami, which doesnt require the work experience. With every accounting career field, you are required to work a lot of hours during busy seasons. At times I have heard of accountants working up to 7 days a week for 13-14 hours a day. I believe every qualified accountant expects a salary that is higher than or on par with other undergraduates from a number of business schools. Unfortunately, these expectations are rarely met in the current society. Currently the broad career field of Accountants and Auditors has an average hourly wage is $36.19 with an average annual salary of $75,280 (Labor, 2016).   However, as an entry-level tax accountant, I can realistically expect to earn between $47,568-$59,269 (salary.com, n.d.). Quite a number of students have joined the big accounting firms that pay higher salaries but its usually an average of around $50,000-$60,000. In other words, a lot of qualified accountants will be forced into sectors that dont pay as well. I believe in order to make the most in the beginning of my career, I should try not to fall victim to this lower market of accounts by realizing the dilemma and work and figure out ways to avoid it. One way I hope to avoid this is by completing my Master s in Accounting as well as my CPA. I also believe by doing programs like VITA and internships, will make me a key candidate that will be viewed as having the ability to succeed in any turmoil the company might face. The type of internships I will be looking to acquire internships that will give me experience with software solutions such as Inuit QuickBooks, Sage 50 Accounting, ATX Total Tax Office, CCH ProSystem fx TAX, Delphi Technology, and Oracle E-Business Suite Financial ls (Development, n.d.). Hopefully the internship I will be offered a full-time position in which I believe can help progress my career in one of the corporate offices because of a majority of their corporate promotion structure. I believe this will help mold me into an accountant that will be incredibly marketable in the corporate market. In conclusion, I would say that accounting is the very diverse career path that will forever be in demand. As our world moves more towards global transactions I also believe that we accountants will be in more demand. This is because accountants are a necessity to determine how successful a business entity is, that can be detrimental in determining if a business segment can survive in a new international market, costs needed to allocating, etc. For a successful career in accounting, I should always look for opportunities to mold myself as a capable accountant as well as adapt the new technology advances and learn how to adapt to the changing government regulations and generally accepted accounting principles. References Admin, W. (n.d.). What does a Tax Accountant Do? Retrieved March 27, 2016, from http://www.topaccountingdegrees.org/: http://www.topaccountingdegrees.org/faq/what-does-a-tax-accountant-do/ Development, N. C. (n.d.). Accountants. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from My Next Move: https://www.mynextmove.org/profile/summary/13-2011.01 Labor, U. S. (2016, March 30). www.bls.gov. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from Bureau of Labor Statistics: https://www.mynextmove.org/profile/ext/oesmaps/13-2011.01 salary.com. (n.d.). Tax Accountant | Salaries. Retrieved from salary.com: http://www1.salary.com/Tax-Accountant-I-Salaries.html

Annie Dillards A Pilgrim At Tinker Creek and Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five :: Tinker Creek Slaughterhouse essays

Annie Dillard's A Pilgrim At Tinker Creek and Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five Throughout history people in general have tried in countless ways to explain the presence of a ‘higher being’. It is basic human nature to wonder about such things. Each and every one of these people has come up with a different explanation for their interpretation of the spiritual power. Annie Dillard and Kurt Vonnegut have given wonderful examples of how these interpretations can differ in their respective books A Pilgrim At Tinker Creek and Slaughterhouse-Five. Each of these books, although covering broad topics throughout, has focused on one center-point: The explanation of why we are here and what it is that we are supposed to do as people. In A Pilgrim At Tinker Creek, author Annie Dillard offers a look into her thoughts by publishing her journal of daily activities while living in a rural area. These activities range from taking walks by the creek to pondering the meanings of life by analyzing a praying-mantis egg sac. Each and every one of her journals offers a deep insight into the spiritual world, not by a particular ‘God’ but more through daily interactions with nature. A pilgrim is described as one who travels far, or in strange lands, to visit some holy place or shrine as a devotee. Dillard is simply that. Many people think that Dillard was inspired to write this novel by a near-fatal attack of pneumonia in 1971. She was remembered as saying that after she recovered, she felt an insatiable need to ‘experience life more fully’. She spent four seasons living near Tinker Creek in an attempt to find herself. What she found was not only how to live a full life, but al so religion. Her attempt to find meaning is made very apparent in the beginning of her book. â€Å"We wake, if we ever wake at all, to mystery, rumors of death, beauty, violence...."Seem like we're just set down here," a woman said to me recently, "and don't nobody know why."† (Dillard, 4). These are vexing questions to us all, and Dillard was determined to explore them.

Literature history Essay

Wales is one of the most attractive tourism centres in the United Kingdom. The lush green countryside, the hills and the meadows, peaceful towns and neighbourhoods, more over the Welsh language are the important attracting features of this region. The Welsh language quite distinguished from the English language is very intriguing for the tourists. They feel strange to find such a fairytale language spoken in the homeland of English, though it is because of the common misconception that English is the native language of the entire British Isles. The Welsh people are a Celtic people who were predominant in the region before the Anglo-Saxon invasion. So there language and culture is quite different from the Anglo-Saxon language and culture. Many Welsh language adhering families through out the history have preserved Welsh literature. Recently a large and valuable collection of Welsh books has been disclosed for the first time for the public. The Myddleton family, which lived in the Chirk Castle, near Wrexham, had a large collection of Welsh books held away from the public eyes for centuries. The collection, which originally constituted 3,000 books currently, has 1827 books. The Chirk Castle has been opened for tourists for more than 30 years but these books were located in the private East wing of the castle. In the year 2004 the Myddleton family left the castle and the East wing of the castle was opened for the public for the first time thus making the book collection also public. One of the most remarkable books in the collection is a miniaturised copy of the first Welsh translation of the Bible. This book according to the historians has played a pivotal role in preserving the Welsh language throughout the centuries of English dominion. The books in the collection are dated back as far as early 16th Century. Many books have been well preserved and have their original bindings. The National Trust has started a campaign to show and interpret these books to tourist visiting the Chirk Castle and other stately tourist attraction. The trust hopes that this campaign will turn these valuable books into a constant tourist attraction.

Remembering the Alamo Essay

This article is of course about the Alamo. It gives a very brief history of the battle at the Alamo and the characters that participated there. It momentarily mentions that there are now facts and history of the Alamo being disputed among many historians today. This article also makes comments concerning the great influence The Alamo has had in today’s culture, referring to the many productions based off this historic happening. Each time I remember the Alamo inspiration fills my chest. I love to remember the great heroes that fought so brave and valiantly in the face of the opposition; a cruel dictator (Santa Anna) and the oppression he could inflict. Many of the people that inhabited 2nd Chance Texas migrated there for primarily one reason and one reason only†¦ a second chance. Most of them, having endured hard lives and relocating to a new country, terrain and lifestyle were not about to give up their God-given rights to a Mexican dictator. While many had the chance and opportunity to get the heck out of Dodge, they chose to stay and defend what was rightfully theirs and so they did. These brave men, led by Travis, Bowie and Crockett, took a stand at the Alamo that will be remembered forever. They gave their lives not for greatness, though they earned that and more in the end, they gave their lives for what they lived for and that was to be free. We shouldn’t argue or dispute over the noble and honorable history of these great men, doing so we taint there story with our ignorance. Not all of these men may have lived great, but all of them died great in the sight of ALL AMERICANS. REMEMBER THE ALAMO.

Writing and Textual Evidence Essays

Writing and Textual Evidence Essays Writing and Textual Evidence Essay Writing and Textual Evidence Essay English 101 Writing Assignment 3 Assignment Topic: Platos Allegory of the Cave By definition, an allegory is a symbolic narrative, typically about abstract theories and ideas using highly symbolic representations to teach a lesson or share a concept in a subtle but effective way. In an essay of no less than 750 words create an argument about what you believe to be the point of Platos Allegory of the Cave. Consider the setting, objects, characters, and conflicts. Think about what lesson(s) seem to be revealed through this story. Focus on one of these key lessons or ideas for development in your essay. That is, the topic for this essay is somewhat open, so long as it stems from the ideas in Platos allegory. Be sure to create an arguable thesis, one which asserts your analysis and interpretation, and attempts to make some connection to the larger work as a whole. This essay should focus on the text as its primary source and should employ plenty of textual evidence from the text to support your ideas. While not the focus nor equired, secondary sources may be consulted for this paper; however, the ideas and writing should be original, and the textual evidence should be from the allegory. Be sure, however, to include proper Works Consulted or pages as necessary. Audience: Classmates and Instructor: SCHOLARS and ACADEMICS. This assignment asks you to contemplate a major classical piece of literature. Planning: DUE 10/23 In a one-page document in MLA format (using both prose free writing and lists), you will need to propose your essay topic ahead of time with a brief essay proposal. This proposal should include a basic overview of what you believe you will be exploring in the essay and why you think this topic is valid or legitimate. Your proposal should provide a list of 5-7 possible thesis statements you may use to structure the essay as well as at least 3 quoted passages from the text for potential use in the essay. In order to move forward on your essay, you must first receive approval on your proposal. This essay will be evaluated with the standards outlined in The Student Guide to Learning. Special attention should be paid to a carefully constructed thesis, plenty of developed support, use and integration of textual evidence, logic and reasoning. The delivery should be clean and clear, employing the proper tone for an academic essay. Tips: Avoid too much summary: Write as though your reader is already familiar with the story. It is your Job to convince the reader ofa particular take on the story. Some summary is acceptable, as long as it is given in a purposeful manner. Be sure, too, to use summary for setting the context of certain passages, scenes, or action. Use the text: It is not enough to simply state your take on certain aspects of the text, or on the text as a whole. Instead you must present arguments, and then use significant selections from the text to illustrate your points. Discuss: Too often, students have excellent ideas with regards to stories, but then fail to follow through on their ideas. Be sure you clearly, thoroughly, and purposefully discuss your points. This includes explicating your selections from the stories so as to directly relate the material to your argument points, as well as the overall thesis. Draw conclusions: After youVe discussed all the significant points, passages, and ideas with regards to your thesis, be sure you work yourself to a conclusion. Be able to step back from your observations and answer, So what does all this mean? How is this significant? Minimal Requirements: MLA style format 1 margins 10-12 pt. font (clear font Times / New Roman, Courier, etc. double spaced name, instructor, class, and date on left side of 1st pg title centered and double-spaced down last name pg # in upper right-hand corner (1/2 down) of subsequent pages MLA tyle documentation (parenthetical references w/ accurate citation information) Adherence to the assignment prompt Original work (WARNING: plagiarism will result in a zero for the assignment and may additionally result in failure of the course and further Student Code of Conduct violation charges) An appropriate voice and tone relative to the assignment, purpose, and audience Textual evidence or support, when appropriate (includes quotes and paraphrases with accurate documentation) Adherence to length requirements (as stipulated)

Optical Properties of Liquid Crystals and LCD Displays Research Paper

Optical Properties of Liquid Crystals and LCD Displays - Research Paper Example The liquid crystals are used in various consumer audiovisual devices among other office gadgets such as calculators, cell phones, digital cameras, watches, stereos, clocks, laptop computers and other personal organizers. The LCDs are also applied as instruments information display in automobiles speedometers, clocks and navigation aids. Nevertheless, there are a number of competing display technologies such as the light emitting diodes (LEDs), the plasma displays (PDs), and the organic light-emitting diodes. Liquid crystal displays incorporate the unique properties of certain materials, nematic, selected smectic and cholesteric liquids. In certain liquid phases, the materials exhibit some electro-optic effects attributed to crystals. A typical liquid crystal display contains two electrodes or polarizer. A liquid crystal film material plugs the space between the two electrodes (Gu 2010, p. 6). Glass fibers are used as spacers that keep the thickness of the liquid crystals uniform within a range of 5Â µ to 10Â µ (Koide 2014, p. 86). The plates are also known as the polarizers, which are usually orientated at 900 to one another. The twisted phase commonly serves to reorient light that passes through the first plate, which consequently allows the transmission of the light through the second polarizer. When an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer, the molecular axes align parallel to the electric field and untwist. In such a state, light is not oriented making the polarized light from the first polarizer, which leads to loss of transparency with a further increase in voltage. This electric field property can be applied in making a pixel switch between the opaque and the transparent on command.

Research and summary art history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research and summary art history - Assignment Example By the 1480s, he was already studying many different fields. When he was working on the preparations for the Sforza monument, he started to study the human body, anatomy and physiology. These studies were often dismissed by his contemporaries as artistically unproductive whims of a mind that is restless. However, they have been acknowledged since the 19th century as forerunners in empirical science, showing accurate observation of natural phenomena. In his studies of the human body and anatomical studies, he was way ahead of his contemporaries. Not long after 1489, he began compiling a systematic record of measurements of several young men. He recorded their measurements from the tips of the toes to the top of their heads in notes and sketches. He was also taking measurements of the horses he owned during the same period as argued by Leonardo et al (45). After months of taking measurements he arrived at a nearly complete overview of human proportions. He then began to look at them while sitting and kneeling. Eventually, he compared the results with the find outs on the Vitruvian man. Leonardo mad several observations on human proportion. He worked with Luca Pacioli, a mathematician to consider the proportional theories of Vitruvius as presented in his treatise De architecture (Leonardo, Richter, and Bell 45). They imposed the principles of geometry on the configuration of the human body to demonstrate that the ideal proportion of the human figure corresponds with the forms of the circle and the square. His illustration demonstrated that when a man places his feet firmly on the ground and stretches his arms out, he can be contained within a square, but when stretched in a spread angle way, he can be inscribed in a circle. The Vitruvian man shows an example of the blend of art and science during the Renaissance and gives an example of his keen interest in proportion